This study involved the synthesis of iron-doped macroporous TiO2 sheets, which were Subsequently incorporated into a polyether block amide (PEBA) matrix. The investigation focused on various properties ofthe resulting membranes, including morphology, chemical structure, thermal behavior, crystallinity, mechanical strength, and separation characteristics. The findings indicated that the incorporation of FeTiO2 sheets enhanced the mechanical strength of the membranes by forming physical bonds with the polymer chains. Additionally, these sheets created facilitated transport mechanism through Lewis acid centers, resulting in an increase in CO2 permeability. However, the formation of hydrogen bonds led to a stiffening of the polymer matrix, which limited the enhancement of CO2 permeability to 12.4% in the optimal membrane compared to the pure membrane. Conversely, the increased stiffness of the polymer matrix reduced N2 permeability while enhancing CO2/N2 selectivity by 136% in the optimal membrane relative to the pure membrane, thereby allowing it to surpass the upper Robson line

This work studies the effects of dynamic Threshold design techniques on the speed and power of digital circuits. A new dynamic Threshold transistor structure has been proposed to improve performances of digital circuits. The proposed switched-capacitor dynamic Threshold PMOS (SC-DTPMOS) scheme employs a capacitor along with an NMOS switch in order to effectively reduce the Threshold voltage of a PMOS transistor. The proposed structure improves the propagation delay of a circuit and is much suitable for those circuits with high switching factor. Post layout simulation results using TSMC 180 nm CMOS technology at 0. 2V supply voltage shows 45% improvement in delay as well as 25% less power consumption at the cost of only 53% more occupied area.

Conventional 6T SRAM cell suffers from poor write-ability and poor read stability at low supply voltages. In this paper a new 8T SRAM cell is proposed that achieves improved write-ability and increased read stability at the same time. The proposed SRAM cell can successfully operate at small supply voltages as low as 275 mV whereas conventional 6T SRAM cell cannot. To show the prominence of the proposed cell and for better comparison, our SRAM cell, conventional 6T SRAM cell, and also three other SRAM cells from recent literature are designed in a 90nm industrial CMOS technology with the same conditions. Simulation results show that the proposed 8T SRAM cell decreases write and read delays by 47.5% and 50%, respectively at supply voltage of 800 mV. Our SRAM cell also improves power consumption for single write operation by 40% over the best design at supply voltage of 800 mV. Among the five designs compared, our design is the only one that operates at supply voltages as low as 275 mV. Finally, layout of the proposed SRAM cell is developed in 180 nm industrial CMOS technology and results of post-layout simulations are discussed.

A B S T R A C T Security, stability, development, and prosperity constitute core priorities of all political systems and are directly and synergistically linked to the availability of water resources. Consequently, the provision and management of water resources represent a fundamental responsibility of governments. Access by political–spatial units to limited freshwater sources has generated numerous structural and political constraints. Inevitably, as access to water resources becomes more restricted, competition and efforts to address this scarcity intensify among political–spatial units. The Gavkhuni Watershed, encompassing the provinces of Isfahan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Fars, and Yazd in Iran’s central plateau, is currently experiencing a severe water crisis. This ongoing crisis has profoundly affected the interactions and relationships among the political and spatial units within the basin. The present study, applied in nature, seeks to elucidate how the water crisis has shaped interrelations among the political–spatial units of the Gavkhuni Watershed. A descriptive–analytical methodology was adopted. Data were gathered through both library and field methods and analyzed using MICMAC, Scenario Wizard, and Vensim software tools. The findings indicate that among 23 potential situations associated with eight scenarios of high and probable compatibility, those emphasizing hydropolitical tensions as critical to the relationships among the political–spatial units of the Gavkhuni Basin are the most plausible outcomes. Accordingly, the influence of the water crisis on inter-unit relations within the catchment has reached a critical level. The study identifies optimal and integrated water resource management as the most effective strategy to prevent further deterioration of political–spatial relations within the basin. Extended Abstract Introduction The growing imbalance between limited freshwater availability and rising water demand is expected to intensify competition both among nations and between political–spatial units within national boundaries. The Gavkhuni Basin lies within an arid to semi-arid climatic zone in central Iran. Multiple indicators and empirical evidence confirm that the basin is experiencing severe water scarcity. This study investigates the evolving dynamics and emerging challenges associated with this water crisis. It centers on the key question: What is the most plausible scenario for the manifestation of the water crisis in the relations among the political–spatial units of the Gavkhuni Basin? Employing a futures research approach, the study identifies the key driving factors influencing the water crisis and its implications for interrelations among the political–spatial units, ultimately formulating the most plausible scenario for how the crisis may reshape these relationships within the Gavkhuni Basin.   Methodology This study is applied in purpose and employs a descriptive–analytical research design. It integrates both qualitative and quantitative data, collected through library research, fieldwork using an interaction-impact questionnaire, and a multi-stage survey process. In the initial phase, key variables reflecting the influence of the water crisis on the hydropolitical relations among the political–spatial units of the Gavkhuni Basin were identified through an extensive review of library and documentary sources. Subsequently, MICMAC software was used to determine and classify the most influential driving factors. In the Subsequent stage, multiple potential states were defined for each key factor. Based on these factors and their defined states, a cross-sectional questionnaire was developed and distributed among the study participants. The collected responses were processed using the Scenario Wizard software to identify and analyze compatible and coherent scenarios. Finally, the resulting scenarios were simulated and tested using Vensim software to visualize dynamic interactions and system feedbacks within the basin’s hydropolitical system.   Results and discussion Key variables influencing the water crisis and shaping the relations among the political–spatial units of the Gavkhuni Watershed were identified as follows: (1) livelihood vulnerability of local residents, (2) public perceptions of the effectiveness of governmental commitments, (3) the extent of habitable living space and rural population density, (4) agricultural production volume, (5) the degree of inter-agency coordination at provincial and basin scales, and (6) citizens’ perceived sense of social security. These key variables provided the foundation for projecting the future dynamics of the research problem. Based on the futures research analysis, the scenario representing the reflection of the water crisis on the interrelations among the political–spatial units of the Gavkhuni Watershed achieved the highest plausibility score (34. 78%) among all possible scenarios. The conceptual model developed in this study, termed the “Water and Fire” model, metaphorically illustrates the fine balance between life and death, and between prosperity and deprivation, in regions facing acute water scarcity. It provides a framework for optimal and integrated water resource management across the basin. Despite advances in water resource research and policy, planning and management in Iran remain complex and politically contentious, underscoring the urgent need for cooperative governance and basin-scale coordination.   Conclusion The Gavkhuni Watershed, encompassing a Substantial portion of Iran’s central plateau, serves as a focal zone for hydropolitical interactions among the four provinces of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Isfahan, Yazd, and Fars. The Zayandeh Rud River represents the principal shared water source among these political–spatial units. In recent years, the per capita availability of Zayandeh Rud’s water has exhibited a steady and persistent decline, profoundly influencing hydropolitical relations among these provinces. Among the four provinces, Isfahan, Yazd, and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari have experienced the highest levels of tension and conflict regarding water allocation. The majority of these disputes are concentrated around Isfahan Province, which has faced recurrent disagreements with other political–spatial units within the Gavkhuni Watershed and neighboring basins over inter-basin water transfers. Residents of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, located upstream and heavily dependent on agriculture and livestock production, have strongly opposed the planned transfer of water to Isfahan. In contrast, residents of Yazd Province, situated downstream, exhibited less overt conflict but expressed the strongest institutional protests against Isfahan’s water management policies. Within this context, the study examined how the water crisis is reflected across alternative scenarios concerning the political–spatial relations within the Gavkhuni Watershed. The findings suggest that, under future conditions of intensified water scarcity, hydropolitical relations among the political–spatial units will remain tense and conflict-prone. This research thus serves as a critical warning to policymakers, civic actors, and environmental organizations regarding the region’s structural constraints and severely limited water resources, emphasizing the urgent need for integrated, cooperative, and sustainable water governance.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments The authors of this study would like to thank Kharazmi University and all those who helped us conduct this research.

Introduction: Cochlear dead zones are defined as areas where the inner hair cells have been destroyed.Thresholds on the audiograms show the integrity of those parts of the ear that are tested. Care must be taken in interpretating audiograms. Thanks to the advances in understanding of cochlear functions, it is now possible to spot false responses that come from dead zones of the cochlea. Recently, cochlear dead regions have been detected via TEN (Threshold Equalizing Noise) test in which ipsilateral broadband noise and Threshold shifting are used.Materials and Methods: A review of the literature on the Subject of dead zones published from 1993 to 2003 was performed using Pubmed, Ebsco, Science Direct, Google Scholar Thieme ProQuest databases and library sources. key word: were "cochlear dead zone", "traveling wave", "ten (Threshold equalizing noise) test", "ipsilateral noise" and "real-ear measurement for hearing aids prescription".Conclusion: Hearing aids fitting process for patients with severe and sloping sensory neural hearing loss must be noted specially by amplifying active zone and avoiding amplification for dead region i.e., offering amplification to the transition frequencies that have better hearing than others, those among the fine regions and the dead zones. Dead zone detection may help in hearing aids fitting and fine tuning.

A fully integrated low-noise amplifier (LNA) with 0.4V supply voltage and ultra-low power consumption at 1.5 GHz by folded cascode structure is presented. The proposed LNA is designed in a TSMC 0.18 mm CMOS technology, in which the all transistors are biased in Sub-Threshold region. Through the use of the proposed circuit for the gain enhancement in this structure and using forward body bias technique, a very high figure of merit is achieved, in comparison to the similar structures. The LNA provides a power gain of 14.7 bB with a noise figure of 2.9dB while consuming only 790 mW dc power. Also, the impedance matching of the input and output circuit in its operating frequency is desirable and in the whole circuit bandwidth, input and output isolation is below -33 dB.

This paper is intended to investigate the impact of structural parameters (in particular: body thickness (TBody), Source/Drain Length (LS /LD) and gate oxide thickness (TOX)) on the electrical characteristics of nanoscale Double Gate SOI MOSFET (DG SOI MOSFET) in SubThreshold regime. It will be shown that a reduction in Ls /Ld doesn’t have a profound effect on both on-current and Drain Induced Barrier Lowering Effect (DIBL); however it increases the effective Gate Capacitance (CGeff) significantly. A decrease in Tbody results in an increase in CGeff and a decrease in potential barrier height while ION is reduced.This investigation also proves that as TOX is increased, CGeff is decreased. A decline in TOX reduces ION while it drastically increases ION /IOFF ratio.